The following advanced component sections add to the core of your community’s ordinance.
These 11 components go above and beyond the entry-level tree preservation components but are highly recommended for inclusion in a development code. Within each component, there are basic, recommended, and aspirational uses, meaning your governmental entity can make advances to protect the urban forest as your community develops.
How to Use This Tool
Using the navigation, you will find components of a tree preservation ordinance, for use in development situations, with a common format.
These components can be selected based on what your community needs from your ordinance, and your governmental entity’s goals and objectives. Components are designed to be modular, and can be mixed, matched, and organized as appropriate for the situation.
Example of Component Formatting
Component definition: what the component covers, in short.
Importance: why it is important to incorporate the component into an ordinance.
Notes: additional information needed.
As you begin to build out an ordinance, start by defining your community’s current progress in relation to tree preservation. Does your governmental entity already have an ordinance and wants to add to it? Or is this the first tree-related development ordinance? What stakeholders do you need to engage to build an effective and usable ordinance? What structure should you build internally to enforce the ordinance?
Work closely with other departments and agencies in your community and initiate wide involvement in the process to mitigate issues in the future. CRTI recommends that tree regulations are easily understood and accessible. Tree regulations may fit into an existing code for building permit acquisition or be a section on their own. Your community and developers may benefit from giving a manual, packet, checklist, or other resources that summarize the requirements in plain language to interpret what developers need to do to comply with the regulations.
Enforcement is vital to the success of tree preservation codes and may require your community to make budgetary changes in order to enforce the code in a meaningful way. Work closely with other departments and stakeholders to ensure that the ordinance not only fits your community’s capacity but also allows for a pathway for expanded efforts and personnel to enforce the ordinance.
Communities adding tree preservation language to their development ordinance for the first time should consider adopting or amending a comprehensive plan to establish your community’s goals and to provide a clear direction for your ordinance. Comprehensive plans, while not binding, create a strong foundation on which to base regulatory changes when they include your community’s conservation goals and resource inventory. An urban forest management plan should be a part of your community’s comprehensive plan, and should include multiple departments in your community, and set the tone for future development in your community.
Communities creating their first ordinance should consider including each of the entry-level components in their ordinance at the CRTI recommended level. As needed, communities can augment their regulations by adopting an aspirational version, or drop down to a basic version if needed. To build on this entry-level ordinance, advanced components such as incorporating tree credits or cash bonds, can be incorporated into your community’s development or zoning code.
Conservation or Preservation Areas
Designate higher degrees of protection for natural areas.
Component definition: Specifies additional rules, regulations, or exceptions for areas designated for conservation areas, protected areas, areas in a particular natural state, historical context, or areas designated for special preservation. Establishing a conservation or preservation area may in some cases best be handled through rezoning the area in question to a zoning district designation that limits the ability to develop the area. Your community could also implement a zoning overlay district, which retains the underlying zoning designation of an area, but adds provisions that could encourage or incentivize conservation design in certain areas. (See Conservation Design).
Importance: Many landscape ordinances focus on individual site plans rather than the larger ecosystems that can be impacted. Designating conservation or preservation areas can bring a more holistic approach to protecting ecosystems. Specially designated conservation or preservation areas may be managed differently from other land uses and, as such, certain requirements may apply for their protection and care. The requirements may be as simple as “no impact” or as specific as required invasive species management, protection of drainage, restrictions on planting, or requirements of only planting specific species. Damage or impacts to these areas may also require intensive mitigation, restoration, or significant fines.
Notes: It is important to review the source of the restriction and identify whether it is based in state or local law (e.g., ordinances) or a private restrictive covenant. The regulations and the ability to modify them will change based on the source of the restriction. Best practice is to ensure the boundaries of conservation areas are well marked (e.g., stakes, flags) to avoid accidental disturbance or damage. It is also important to review local, regional, and state plans to determine if there are any conflicts or unique situations that should be considered, e.g. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Action Plan, Oak Ecosystem Recovery Plan, OnTo 2050 Plan, watershed plans, etc.
Tree Credits and Other Incentives
Include incentives to preserve trees in development.
Component definition: Some communities may desire to offer developers the opportunity to save money or time if they meet certain standards for low impact development. For example, they may qualify for higher density provisions in their permit if they abide by conservation design standards. Your governmental entity may offer tree credits, which assigns points for protected trees and provides for reduced costs to developers for other fees, reducing the amount of mitigation required for removed trees or expedited permit processing.
Importance: Tree credit systems are a way to encourage protection of trees rather than requiring developers to replace trees. As discussed in other components, large mature trees provide more benefits, making protection more beneficial to a governmental entity than replacement.
Legacy and Heritage Tree Protection
Establish rules to protect exceptional trees.
Component definition: Special, enhanced protection given to trees that meet specific requirements.
Importance: Programs like this help to fulfill important cultural, place specific, and often intangible importance and characteristics of heritage trees vis a vis community pride, identification, history, or other important community characteristics.
Notes: This component is highly tied to Applicability and Scope. A number of classifications may be used, including but not limited to…
- Specimen: A tree of exceptional size, form, or rarity
- Historic: A tree recognized by virtue of its age, association with or contribution to, a historic structure or districts, or its association with a noted person or event
- Landmark: Trees that are landmarks of a community
- Collection: Trees in a notable grove, avenue, or other planting
- Site history: Undeveloped, preserved, etc
Species and Genus Diversity Requirements
Set tree diversity goals and preferred species.
Component definition: Codifies any requirements for vegetation to meet diversity goals set by the governmental entity. Often, these are associated with an approved planting list and an urban forest master or management plan. Your community may also require that tree replacements performed by a permit applicant must meet a certain species diversity threshold to ensure that developers are planting more than one kind of tree.
Importance: Species diversity is extremely important when managing an urban forest. Diversity reduces the potential for catastrophic loss from the death of a single species. While rules of thumb for diversity are often argued and generally imperfect, attempting to attain greater diversity is a key to creating resilient urban forest systems that are capable of overcoming pest and disease outbreaks without major canopy loss. Exceptions to diversity goals may be made in parks, conservancy, or nature preservation areas with specific nature conservation objectives such as oak ecosystem restoration.
Notes: Consideration might be given for cost and availability when suggesting diverse species. Long-term planting contracts can enhance the availability of a diverse choice of species. This component goes above and beyond the Species List component because it requires a certain level of species diversity, whereas a Species List alone may not.
Tree Canopy Cover Requirements
Set a standard for canopy cover on a development site.
Component definition: Requires a certain percentage of canopy cover be maintained on the development site to be provided by protected trees so that existing trees are maintained to the greatest extent possible. The canopy cover percentage for each development may be different for each development site depending on the zoning of the parcel (See Applicability and Scope).
Importance: Rather than incorporating requirements on a per-stem basis, requiring a certain canopy coverage of healthy existing trees on a parcel can help your community meet its canopy coverage goals.
Integration of Trees in Comprehensive Plans
Ensure that trees are clearly valued in the development of your community.
Component definition: A comprehensive plan is a formally adopted plan that describes the physical and economic development of the entire community. A comprehensive plan is nonbinding and sets forth land use goals, plans, and visions. This plan can be used as a basis for decision-making and as justification and support of decision-making going forward where the decision conforms to the plan. This plan may include but is not limited to plans and programs regarding the location, character, and extent of highways, bridges, public buildings or uses, utilities, schools, residential, commercial, or industrial land uses, parks, drainage facilities, etc. This plan may work alongside an Urban Forest Management Plan, if applicable.
Importance: Including intentional goals about protecting your community’s urban forest will help justify budgeting appropriately for forestry programs and protecting trees in your community. There are many stakeholders involved in development, so setting clear community goals early on with a lot of input will reduce conflicts down the line.
Cash Bonds
Ensure protection of trees through cash bonds.
Component definition: A developer may be required to provide the governmental entity with a deposit to ensure work is completed in compliance with a tree protection ordinance. Cash bonds can be made to ensure newly planted trees survive their establishment period and trees that were meant to be protected were not harmed during construction. If such work is completed satisfactorily, the bond is returned; if not completed, the bond is forfeited to the governmental entity. These bonds may be held in a Tree Bank so that funds can be used for tree planting and related activities.
Importance: A cash bond acts as an insurance that trees will be protected, planted, and maintained as specified. It puts pressure on developers to comply with the ordinance. A final inspection should always follow a bond process before money is released to ensure compliance.
Notes: Cash bonds can be held in a special account (i.e. Tree Bank) established for this purpose.
Final Inspection
Grants power to perform an inspection for risk and compliance.
Component definition: Empowers the identified authority with the right to perform an inspection at the end of work to ensure all regulations and specifications were followed so that cash bonds can be released. The right to inspect is also included as an entry-level component, and final inspection builds upon this to address the inspection needed to release cash bonds to the applicant.
Importance: This component is critical to ensure that contracts are honored, compliance is met, and remediation or restitution are completed. The requirement of a final inspection enables the governmental entity to control the outcomes. This is especially important if bonds are required for any reason.
Notes: This component is closely tied with permitting and cash bonds.
Education and Outreach for Private Landowners
Create easy to read resources so that your ordinance can be implemented effectively.
Component Definition: Educational materials and standards for stakeholders that must follow the ordinance. This may include compliance checklists in plain language, signage for tree protection zones, manuals, or other materials to educate developers on what is required of them.
Importance: It is important that the ordinance has a high level of transparency and clarity to avoid misconduct.
Conservation Design
Encourage environmentally sustainable landscape design.
Component definition: Conservation design is a genre of design that favors environmentally sustainable practices and integrates features of the natural landscape to minimize negative impacts. In general, the ordinance may require that developments leave as much area undisturbed as possible or bring nature back into disturbed sites. Your community may come up with its own requirements for new development plans to encourage or require conservation design. Requirements could change based on local zoning laws or land use type (See Applicability and Scope). For conservation design ideas specific to subdivision ordinances, you can view this Model Sustainable Development Ordinances for Subdivisions from CMAP.
Importance: Such developments are intended to provide habitats for both people and wildlife. Leaving more land in forests and other habitats provides for cleaner air, absorbs rainfall, and cools temperatures. Furthermore, property values are improved dramatically and residents have many more options for recreation, such as birding, hiking, fishing, and mountain biking. These types of developments also sell faster, and their properties tend to improve their value over time.
Purchase or Transfer of Development Rights and Conservation Easements
Purchase the development rights from landowners.
Component definition: Your governmental entity may choose to sponsor its own easement programs to buy development rights for places that the community wants to conserve. The community may want to preserve a site because its distance from existing infrastructure or schools makes it difficult to support, or due to its unique natural heritage such as a remnant oak woodland, or location within a sensitive area, such as a floodplain or wetland. In these cases, the government authority can offer to purchase the development rights and place an easement on the property to remove development rights. The landowner is still in control of the property but will no longer be able to realize the prior development allowances. A map of current public and private conservation easements in Illinois can be found here.
Importance: Government-sponsored conservation easements are an important strategy to conserving undeveloped land for future generations.